The top of the 'atoms to applications' stack bears all of its weight. Driven by applications and use cases, AI will thrive or fail. Broad classes of applications have been visible, distantly, since the release of ChatGPT. In the following four years, much has been attempted, with mixed

A harness turns a model into something useful. A model by itself is simply a next-token-predictor; inside of a harness it can plan, execute, and achieve goals set by its user. That makes harnesses incredibly important, and a core focus of Noops Research as we explore the '

The $11,000,000,000,000 in capex allocated between 2024 and 2029 has one objective: the training and inferencing of large language models. Training costs huge amounts of money, while inferencing prints it in even greater amounts. For now. Noops Research has seen one clear trend emerge: the model

The difference between a single chip and a data centre is scale. The semiconductor fabricator - and there is only one, as we'll explore below - prints a chip with tens to hundreds of separate dies on its wafer, then saws them apart, only to pass them along into a

Artificial intelligence converts energy into cognition. While efficiencies are accruing rapidly - it takes one-thousandth the energy to mint a token of cognition as it did in 2022 - we will be minting a billion times more tokens by the early 2030s. The energy inputs for artificial intelligence are both substantial

We begin the tour of the Noops Research stack from 'atoms to applications' with the material world. 'Atoms' often refers to silicon and other semiconductors - but this isn't a story about silicon, one of the most abundant elements on Earth. Many other elements and

$11,000,000,000,000. That's the number to be kept front of mind. That's the number that makes all the other numbers make sense. But it's a hard number. Because it's so impossibly big. We are not used to thinking in

It's now clear exactly how much Qwen3.8-27B changed things. Once people got the sense that a small model could be as powerful as a frontier model, they threw an enormous amount of effort into fitting that model into anything. I now have various versions of Qwen

"There are decades where nothing happens, and there are weeks where decades happen." John Allsopp and I quote that line at each other a lot these days. Well, we did - until this month. August wasn't a week where decades happened. It was a whole century. The